Fikum Hip Ornament

Bontoc, Mountain Province, 20th century

Ayala Museum, Philippines

The fikum is a highly prized hip ornament conventionally worn by headhunting kachangyan (elite) of Bontoc society from the towns of Samoki and Bontoc, Mountain Province. Made from the Pinctada maxima, the fikum was worn in front of the waist and secured with a chain or cord, forming part of traditional male clothing. This example shows unique characteristics, measuring two centimetres smaller than other historically recorded descriptions and bearing an inscribed name. The nacre of the shell is exposed on both sides of the disc. The lack of lustre indicates this piece may be old and well-worn. 

The use of Pinctada varieties in the material culture of upland Bontoc requires networks of trade with coastal communities as these large oysters live in saltwater and deep-sea habitats. Thus, the fikum explores societal ties between upland and coastal regions, rituals, aesthetics, and craft production in traditional societies. Its esteemed value was noted in accounts of Philippine cultures since the mid-19th century.